Why School Should Start Later - 816 Words

We live in an age when many growing adolescents are constantly fighting their natural body clocks. It could potentially be one of the biggest issues facing our high school systems. Many school’s across America have started to push back their school start times. Is it worth it? The answer is yes. School should start later in order to unlock our nation’s high school potential. One of the reasons that school should be started later is because it does not give growing teens enough time to sleep. Sleep researcher, Wendy Troxel, who spoke on TED, says that high school aged kids’ sleep cycles do no start until 11 p.m and do not end until 8 a.m. This means that whenever students’ alarms go off from anywhere around 5-7:30 a.m, it simply does not†¦show more content†¦If school board’s want their student’s to become not only physically, but mentally healthier, it could be solved by pushing back the school start time. A big reason school’s may enjoy having a later start time, is because it can contribute to the school’s success. A later start time can improve the school’s overall test scores (Why We Must - and Can - Restore Safe Healthy School Hours). Students can learn their best when they are not tired or drowsy. The School Start Later — Healthy Hours campaign stated that, â€Å"Academic improvements have been shown, and overall school climate has been measurably improved when high schools have restored later start times,† (Why We Must - and Can - Restore Safe Healthy School Hours). The sleep researcher mentioned earlier, Wendy Troxel, said in her presentation that when kid’s are woken up by an alarm, they are literally robbed of their dreams. Dreams are associated with learning development. In order for student’s to use the most of their brains, they need to be receiving the right amount of good quality sleep. Not only do test scores rise, but so does the graduation rate, which is a major problem in today’s generation (Why We Must - and Can - Restore Safe Healthy School Hours). In contribution to the student success, later start times could drastically improve the school’s success. Later start times have increased attendance aroundShow MoreRelatedWhy School Should Start Later1531 Words   |  7 PagesI realized I missed the bus! Does this happen to you? Because of early school starts I have to wake up super early which makes me super tired. School starts way too early! Should students have to wake up at unreasonably early times just to get to school on time? No, they shouldn t and school should start later because it causes many risks and problems in students lives. There are many reasons that school should start later, but the main reason is because students don t get enough sleep and areRead MoreWhy School Should Start Later899 Words   |  4 PagesSchool Should Start Later Almost every day high school students are waking up around six o’clock in the morning to get ready for school, some even earlier than that. Nearly every morning students are waking up without adequate sleep. If sleep is one of the most essential needs of the body in order to grow and develop, shouldn’t we be more aware of how much it affects students everyday performance? The ways in which students are affected by sleep-deprivation is precisely why school needs to startRead MoreWhy School Should Start Later1371 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons for why this is which doesn’t include the laziness of students, and there is no reason for school not to have a later start. So, schools should start later in the day. Reason 1: Many students are not getting enough sleep. In especially middle schools and high school, teenagers are sleep deprived. At the age when they need it the most, teens are not getting enough hours of rest because of how early their school starts. It is very unreasonable that school for teenagers starts early when theyRead MoreWhy School Should Start Later1056 Words   |  5 Pages Later Start Times School start times should be later because school times should revolve around the student’s best ability to learn. When America started public schools, they had the same time frame, around seven to three. They did this so the farmers would have time to go and work in the afternoon. Well, needless to say we still have the same schedule now, with a much different industry and way of life. There are countless reasons schools should start later and countless studies that proveRead MoreWhy We Should Start School Later Essay506 Words   |  3 Pagesthat the average high school student does not get enough sleep. While some experts like Dr. Lee Yanku say â€Å"It is not the schools starting time that is the problem as to why students don’t get enough sleep, it is because of facebook, myspace and cell phones† The truth behind it is that we can’t budget sports, homework and extracurricular activities into one day and still get nine hours of sleep. This is hurt ing student’s academic averages and needs to change. Changing the school time will help boostRead MoreReasons Why Schools Should Start Later During The Day1295 Words   |  6 Pages I am doing my paper on the reasons of why schools should start later in the day. I will analyze many negative effects that come with sleep deprivation, such as caffeine usage and car wrecks. I will also discuss the positive aspects of schools starting early, such as extra time for extracurricular activities. American Academy of Pediatrics. â€Å"School Start Times for Adolescents.† Pediatrics, vol. 134, no.3, Sept 2014, pp.642-649. pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/early/2014/08/19/pedsRead MoreSchool Hours895 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Later School hours we Demand Topic Outline Introduction: Students complain about how tired they are during their morning periods. Thesis: Schools should start later according to Dr. Ross and Mr. Philips. Students feel very emotionally distress early in the mornings. It’s only reasonable to think that concentration would be better after enough of time to actually wake up. i. Dr. Ross and Mr. Philips ii. Emotional distress Read MoreShould School Day Start Later? Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesMs. Scruggs English 3 08 December 2016 Should School Day Start Later Even though that schools are starting too early and students aren t getting enough sleep. Schools should start later because teens can get more sleep and teens can get their work on time., That schools should start later so students can learn better. because Teens are falling asleep in class because they are getting to school early. and Schools are starting too early and should start later. Students need more sleep in the morningRead MoreSchool Should Start Later642 Words   |  3 Pagesmiddle and high schools start as early as 7:00 am, requiring teenagers to rise at least at 6:30 in order to make it to class. As a nation, we can only view this as a monstrosity. In this essay, I will be going over three areas of analysis: one, why early start times for middle and high school create situations not in the interest of learning, two, why a later commencement time would have substantial benefits, and three, why said benefits would outweigh the disadvantages. First, why early commencementRead MorePersuasive Essay On Why School Should Start In School769 Words   |  4 PagesWhy do we hate going to school? Why are we sluggish all day? Why do some people get too tired to put full effort into a test? People are tired of these unfair school hours. Things need to change; but how? Well, theres plenty of options. Schools should be on Monday’s, Wednesday’s, and Friday’s, with a week break every two weeks, starting at 9:00 a.m. and goes year round. Why does school start so early anyway? I’ve always been told it has to do with preparing us for a regular work schedule, but

Is America s First Serial Killer Essay - 908 Words

Considered America’s first serial killer, H.H. Holmes demised a plan like no other to torture and kill woman in the early 1890’s in Chicago, Illinois (H.H. Holmes, 2004). Masquerading as a charismatic prominent businessman, and caring doctor, H.H. Holmes was a true monster (H.H. Holmes, 2004). Known later as the â€Å"torture doctor† or the â€Å"monster of 63rd street†, he methodically planned, attacked, and controlled his victims till the very end (H.H. Holmes, 2004). Born Herman Webster Mudgett on May 16, 1861 in the small town of Gilmanton, New Hampshire, Mr. Mudgett grew up in a very affluent, and privileged family (H.H. Holmes Biography, 2015). His mother made the family follow strict religious practices, and his father was a strict disciplinarian (H.H. Holmes, 2004). Mr. Mudgett was unusually intelligent for his age as he grew up (H.H. Holmes Biography, 2015). He became interested in medicine and reportedly started practicing surgery on animals (H.H. Holmes Biography, 2015). After graduating high school at the age of 16, Mr. Mudgett studied medicine at a small medical school in Vermont (H.H. Holmes, 2015). He then enrolled in medicine at the University of Michigan (H.H. Holmes, 2015). At the University of Michigan, Mr. Mudgett began to steal, burn, and disfigure corpses to be used for educational purposes (H.H. Holmes, 2015; H.H. Holmes Biography, 2015). He soon was using the corpses to commit insurance fraud under fictitious names (H.H. Holm es Biography, 2015). Mr. MudgettShow MoreRelatedAmerica s First Serial Killer1347 Words   |  6 PagesH.H. Holmes, born in 1861 as Herman Webster Mudgett, was an extremely notable con man, fraud and murderer. More popularly known as America’s first serial killer, Holmes had a vast and varying criminal record. For instance, his criminal record ranged from forging checks and life insurance claims, to killing off entire families in his â€Å"murder† hotel. The one most identifiable pattern to his offenses resides in his economic struggle. As seen in a documentary directed by John Borowski, most of the individualsRead MorePerry Smith: A Passion to Kill1354 Words   |  6 PagesSerial killers have long eluded law enforcement while simultaneously grabbing the attention of the public, and now more than ever, criminal psychologists are beginning to understand what makes a serial killer. In his true-crime documentary, In Cold Blood, Truman Capote depicts the horrifying murde rs of four members of the Clutter family and the search to find the criminals responsible for the deaths. Eventually, two killers are caught, one being Perry Smith, a detached and emotionless man. And althoughRead MoreSerial Killer And Serial Killers Essay1171 Words   |  5 PagesAmerica has some of the most infamous serial killers who marked history, serial killers who once didn’t even think to harm any human being. Many people grow up differently from others, some people grow up in a safe environment surrounded with caring people and others grow up in a completely different environment being missed treated by others, therefore are serial killers made or born? A serial killer is defined as â€Å"a person who commits more than three murders over a period that spans more thanRead MoreSerial Killers in Modern Society1558 Words   |  6 PagesSerial Killers in Modern Society Introduction For hundreds of years, serial killers have actually been a huge fascination all over the world. Even though society has an undeveloped idea as to what a serial killer is and how they function, there is much more to serial killers that people are probably unaware of. In spite of classic myths regarding serial killers which are displayed a lot in movies, this essay will recognize serial killers as irregular as the individual that utilizes various strategiesRead MoreCase study on Dr. H. H. Holmes1268 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology Case study of Dr. H.H. Holmes Case Overview Dr. H.H. Holmes is considered America s first serial killer. The number of victims is estimated to be 27, and later discoveries of corpses revealed as many as 200. Holmes initially committed crimes such as fraud and forgery. In 1893 he built a three story building and named it the castle as a hotel, drug store, and commercial store fronts for the Chicago World s Fair. Holmes used the windowless hotel to lure his victims in to torture and killRead MoreThe Culture Of America By Mark Seltzer1578 Words   |  7 Pagesto say that the public has become fascinated. The culture of America is drawn to trauma, which is a Greek word for wound. (â€Å"Trauma†) In the turning of the twentieth century, the superstar of the wound culture emerged: the serial killer. The fascination with this new founded celebrity haunts and excites the community. These famous killers are intriguing and raise complex questions of why people do what they do. Therefore, serial killers are molded by family exper iences, the oedipal complex, and theRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : Dexter 1219 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical analysis. If you have ever been interested in the world of why serial killers kill, chances are you have done some research or even watched the insanely popular television show Dexter. â€Å"Dexter Morgan is a Forensics Expert, a loyal brother, boyfriend, and friend. That s what he seems to be, but that s not what he really is. Dexter Morgan is a Serial Killer that hunts the bad. (TV.com)† Dexter is a serial killer yet he works for the Miami Police Department in blood spatter forensics, becauseRead MoreDo Bad Parents Create Mass Murderers? Essay1488 Words   |  6 PagesLondon, the incidence of serial killers had increased at a steady rate. Names such as Charles Manson, John Wayne Gacy, Ted Bundy and Myra Hindley strike fear and horror into the hearts of normal people who cannot comprehend the subhuman actions of such violent people. Arguments still continue as to what drives these people to kill. Many believe that bad parenting and traumatic childhood experiences are a major factor in creating a serial killer, while others believe they Read MoreThe Traits of a Serial Killer Present in James Clayton Vaughn Jr966 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristics that correlated to the serial killer he was. One may ponder what creates a serial killer and what exactly a serial killer is. There are many things that define a serial killer’s psyche antisocialism being one of the many. Moreover, Vaughn claimed to have certain compulsions that made him complete tasks that he ordinarily would not do which demonstrated him to have obsessive compulsive disorder. Another characteristic Vaughn displayed that he and his fellow serial killers shared were their psychopathicRead MoreSerial Killer And Serial Killers1644 Words   |  7 PagesSerial Killer A serial killer is someone who has killed three or more people on separate occasions with enough time between, allowing them to calm down or reflect on what they did. There are separate categories for serial killers. The types of serial killers are organized killers, unorganized killers, and medical killers (Crime museum, 2015, para. 1, 2, 3). Beverley Allitt was considered to be under the medical killer category. Allitt killed a total of 4 children in less than a year span (McCrystal

Lawless Free Essays

string(166) " suggestive or sexually explicit photographs, or who engage in the behavior commonly known as â€Å"sexting,† in which these pictures are transmitted via cell phones\." SYNOPSIS Creates diversionary program for juveniles who are criminally charged for â€Å"sexting† or posting sexual images. CURRENT VERSION OF TEXT As introduced. An Act creating a diversionary program for certain juveniles, and amending P. We will write a custom essay sample on Lawless or any similar topic only for you Order Now L. 1982, c. 81 and supplementing Title 2A of the New Jersey Statutes. Be It Enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey: 1. Section 2 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-71) is amended to read as follows: 2. Review and processing of complaints. a. The jurisdiction of the court in any complaint filed pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. A:4A-30) shall extend to the juvenile who is the subject of the complaint and his parents or guardian. b. Every complaint shall be reviewed by court intake services for recommendation as to whether the complaint should be dismissed, diverted, or referred for court action. Where the complaint alleges a crime which, if committed by an adult, would be a crime of the first, second, third or fourth degree, or alleges a repetitive disorderly persons offense or any disorderly persons offense defined in chapter 35 or chapter 36 of Title 2C, the complaint shall be referred for court action, unless the prosecutor otherwise consen ts to diversion. Court intake services shall consider the following factors in determining whether to recommend diversion: (1) The seriousness of the alleged offense or conduct and the circumstances in which it occurred; (2) The age and maturity of the juvenile; (3) The risk that the juvenile presents as a substantial danger to others; (4) The family circumstances, including any history of drugs, alcohol abuse or child abuse on the part of the juvenile, his parents or guardian; (5) The nature and number of contacts with court intake services and the court that the juvenile or his family have had; 6) The outcome of those contacts, including the services to which the juvenile or family have been referred and the results of those referrals; (7) The availability of appropriate services outside referral to the court; (8) Any recommendations expressed by the victim or complainant, or arresting officer, as to how the case should be resolved; [and] (9) Any recommendation expressed by the county prosecutor; a nd (10) The offense alleged is an eligible offense pursuant to section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. (pending before the Legislature as this bill) and the juvenile is eligible to participate in the educational reform program set forth section 3 of P. L. ,c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill). (cf: P. L. 1988, c. 44, s. 17) 2. (New section) Where a complaint against a juvenile pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. 2A:4A-30) alleges that the juvenile has committed an eligible offense satisfying the criteria set forth in subsection c. of section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before he Legislature as this bill) and the court has approved diversion of the complaint pursuant to section 4 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-73) the resolution of the complaint shall include participation in an educational program set forth in 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill). 3. (New section). a. As used in P. L. , c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as thi s bill), â€Å"eligible offense† means an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and (2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. b. The Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Director of the Administrative Office of the Courts, shall develop an educational program for juveniles who have committed an eligible offense as defined under the provisions of subsection a. of this section. A juvenile who successfully completes the program shall have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the eligible offense. c. Admission to the program shall be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child pursuant to N. J. S. 2C:24-4; luring or enticing a child pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 1993, c. 291 (C. C:13-6); luring or enticing an adult pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 2005, c. 1 (C. 2C:13-7) or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; (2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute and did not have the intent to commit a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his part icipation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution. . The educational program shall provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juven iles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. e. The Attorney General may promulgate guidelines to effectuate the provisions of this act. 4. This act shall take effect on the first day of the seventh month after enactment. STATEMENT This bill establishes an educational program as an alternative to prosecution for certain juveniles who are charged with a criminal offense for posting sexually suggestive or sexually explicit photographs, or who engage in the behavior commonly known as â€Å"sexting,† in which these pictures are transmitted via cell phones. You read "Lawless" in category "Papers" The bill provides that where a complaint against a juvenile alleges that the juvenile has committed an â€Å"eligible offense† and the court approves diversion of the complaint, the resolution of the complaint would include participation in the educational program created by the bill. The bill defines an â€Å"eligible offense† as an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. A. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and (2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. Under the bill, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Office of the Courts, would develop an educational program for these juveniles. A juvenile who successfully completes the program would have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the offense. Admission to the program would be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child; luring or enticing a child; luring or enticing an adult or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; 2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute, and did not have the intent to commit, a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution. The educational program would provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. In addition, the bill amends N. J. S. A. 2A:4A-71 to specifically provide for the diversion of juveniles into the newly created educational pro gram created under the bill as one of the enumerated recommendations which can be made by the court. SYNOPSIS Creates diversionary program for juveniles who are criminally charged for â€Å"sexting† or posting sexual images. CURRENT VERSION OF TEXT As introduced. An Act creating a diversionary program for certain juveniles, and amending P. L. 1982, c. 81 and supplementing Title 2A of the New Jersey Statutes. Be It Enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey: 1. Section 2 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-71) is amended to read as follows: 2. Review and processing of complaints. a. The jurisdiction of the court in any complaint filed pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. A:4A-30) shall extend to the juvenile who is the subject of the complaint and his parents or guardian. b. Every complaint shall be reviewed by court intake services for recommendation as to whether the complaint should be dismissed, diverted, or referred for court action. Where the complaint alleges a crime which, if committed by an adult, would be a crime of the first, second, third or fourth degree, or alleges a repetitive disorderly persons offense or any disorderly persons offense defined in chapter 35 or chapter 36 of Title 2C, the complaint shall be referred for court action, unless the prosecutor otherwise consents to diversion. Court intake services shall consider the following factors in determining whether to recommend diversion: (1) The seriousness of the alleged offense or conduct and the circumstances in which it occurred; (2) The age and maturity of the juvenile; (3) The risk that the juvenile presents as a substantial danger to others; (4) The family circumstances, including any history of drugs, alcohol abuse or child abuse on the part of the juvenile, his parents or guardian; (5) The nature and number of contacts with court intake services and the court that the juvenile or his family have had; 6) The outcome of those contacts, including the services to which the juvenile or family have been referred and the results of those referrals; (7) The availability of appropriate services outside referral to the court; (8) Any recommendations expressed by the victim or complainant, or arresting officer, as to how the case should be resolved; [and] (9) Any recommendation expressed by the county prosecutor; a nd (10) The offense alleged is an eligible offense pursuant to section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. (pending before the Legislature as this bill) and the juvenile is eligible to participate in the educational reform program set forth section 3 of P. L. ,c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill). (cf: P. L. 1988, c. 44, s. 17) 2. (New section) Where a complaint against a juvenile pursuant to section 11 of P. L. 1982, c. 77 (C. 2A:4A-30) alleges that the juvenile has committed an eligible offense satisfying the criteria set forth in subsection c. of section 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill) and the court has approved diversion of the complaint pursuant to section 4 of P. L. 1982, c. 81 (C. 2A:4A-73) the resolution of the complaint shall include participation in an educational program set forth in 3 of P. L. , c. (C. ) (pending before the Legislature as this bill). 3. (New section). a. As used in P. L. , c. (C. )(pending before the Legislature as this bill), â€Å"eligible offense† means an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and 2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. b. The Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Director of the Administrative Office of the Courts, shall develop an educational program for juveniles who have committed an eligible offense as defined under the provisions of subsection a. of this section. A juvenile who successfully completes the program shall have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the eligible offense. c. Admission to the program shall be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child pursuant to N. J. S. 2C:24-4; luring or enticing a child pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 1993, c. 291 (C. 2C:13-6); luring or enticing an adult pursuant to section 1 of P. L. 2005, c. 1 (C. C:13-7) or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; (2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute and did not have the intent to commit a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program o utweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution. . The educational program shall provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. e. The Attorney General may promulgate guidelines to effectuate the pro visions of this act. 4. This act shall take effect on the first day of the seventh month after enactment. STATEMENT This bill establishes an educational program as an alternative to prosecution for certain juveniles who are charged with a criminal offense for posting sexually suggestive or sexually explicit photographs, or who engage in the behavior commonly known as â€Å"sexting,† in which these pictures are transmitted via cell phones. The bill provides that where a complaint against a juvenile alleges that the juvenile has committed an â€Å"eligible offense† and the court approves diversion of the complaint, the resolution of the complaint would include participation in the educational program created by the bill. The bill defines an â€Å"eligible offense† as an offense in which: (1) the facts of the case involve the creation, exhibition or distribution of a photograph depicting nudity as defined in N. J. S. A. 2C:24-4 through the use of an electronic communication device, an interactive wireless communications device or a computer; and (2) the creator and subject of the photograph are juveniles or were juveniles at the time of its making. Under the bill, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Administrative Office of the Courts, would develop an educational program for these juveniles. A juvenile who successfully completes the program would have the opportunity to avoid prosecution for the offense. Admission to the program would be limited to cases where: (1) the juvenile has not previously been adjudicated delinquent for or convicted of a crime or offense which, if committed by an adult, would constitute aggravated sexual assault; sexual assault; aggravated assault; aggravated criminal sexual contact; endangering the welfare of a child; luring or enticing a child; luring or enticing an adult or an attempt to commit any of the enumerated offenses; 2) the juvenile was not aware that his actions could constitute, and did not have the intent to commit, a criminal offense; (3) there is a likelihood that the juvenile’s offense is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in the educational program; and (4) the benefits to society in admitting the juvenile into this educational program outweigh the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution. The educational program would provide information concerning: (1) the legal consequences of and penalties for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials, including applicable federal and State statutes; (2) the non-legal consequences of sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials including, but not limited to, the effect on relationships, loss of educational and employment opportunities, and being barred or removed from school programs and extracurricular activities; 3) how the unique characteristics of cyberspace and the Internet, including searchibility, replicability, and an infinite audience, can produce long-term and unforeseen consequences for sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials; and (4) the possible connection between bullying and cyber-bullying and juveniles sharing sexually suggestive or explicit materials. In addition, the bill amends N. J. S. A. 2A:4A-71 to specifically provide for the diversion of juveniles into the newly created educational pro gram created under the bill as one of the enumerated recommendations which can be made by the court. How to cite Lawless, Papers

Design of Enterprise Systems Theory - Architecture - and Methods

Question: 1. Assessing in which way organisations obtain competitive advantage by utilizing e-commerce? 2. Analyse in which way organisations attract customers through social media to buy their products online and to promote sales.? 3. Critically analyse the strategies that organisations use to build and maintain trust in consumers towards internet shopping ? Answer: Introduction: E-commerce can be defined as online shopping that is increasing in order to spread product all over the places. Document would cover ecommerce advantages and competitive environment in market. There is analysis of market scenario that how customer would be attracted to products over website. It will uncover many strategies about online shopping and through social media it can be spread out. E-commerce proposes online shopping to global platform. There are various effects discussed of using ecommerce as marketing tool. Ecommerce Marketing: Ecommerce marketing is started with development of website and hosted on server. Ecommerce is different from e-business. Ecommerce comes only when transaction process is considered. Electronic commerce consider as product transfer on fund exchange. Online market has taken place all over and now retail products are also available on websites like amazon, Snap deal. Retail products are popular in small places and not reachable to everyone. Online websites are the only key to launch product at global market. There are many reasons that stop customers to purchase products online. Ecommerce have different genre and can be utilized as fund transfer, mobile business, supply chain management, online transaction process, and inventory management system. Best example of retail product launching over internet is amazon because several products that are not globally known nowadays are in demand all over the places. However, those products are not from any popular brands but by proposing them on online platform. Ecommerce as Marketing Tool: Marketing is very vast term in business but it is most important while escorting retail shoppers to online business website. Ecommerce marketing guides shoppers to develop their business over internet because at the end of 2015, 95 percent people would be on mobile ecommerce. Small business enterprises are the entities which are benefited mostly by utilizing this concept. Ecommerce can be utilized as marketing tool but first of there are some steps taken before it. E-business website development is the essential requirement for launching product or takes any other website subscription. Customer landing on website is the most difficult task because data traffic and business depends on it. There are many factors that decide website popularity and customer attraction. In further discussion we would discuss various factors utilized for online marketing. Search Engine Optimization: Search engine optimization is a technique by that developer increases website popularity and in any search engine website link would be on top rank. In every ecommerce organization there is a team that customizes pages according to customers and in day how many customers would land on website would increase its rating over internet and on search engine. SEO also include Fig 1: Ecommerce Concept The figure above clearly pictured that how online shopping includes business to business strategy to be applied. Online payment is the popular and burning concept utilized all over world. It also plays major role while utilizing mobile commerce because nobody wants to waste time in queues for shopping. Ecommerce concept gives chance to make payment from any place any time. Pay-per-click campaigns: This technique is used to change and modify website navigation model so that customers can be reached to the website. For this purpose an expert is hired and according to him some changes are made in existing website therefore, more traffic could be drawn on website. A single campaign includes may aspects related to website reputation and popularity. The PPC expert handles these kinds of different campaign simultaneously. Audience relation: This is most common practice that utilized by publishing different newsletters, articles, offers for attracting people to website. Online advertisement is also part of this approach. Advertising through social media is one of the approaches for popularity gain. Competitive Advantage of Ecommerce: Organizations utilize ecommerce to gain high profit and making more business. Online market changing the economy and the way business is conducted. E-commerce emphasize on companies to expand their business to chase with other. Online shopping give chance to compare price with retail market without going anywhere and retail shopper take more charges but this does not apply in ecommerce. Product bundling is one of the strategies that includes from packaging to placing order. Market is full of consumers and they are ready to purchase different types of products. However, day by day new products are taking place in market so that consumers also have variety to select. Product popularity depends on number of customers using it. Social media plays vital role in ecommerce and there are many ways of utilizing it as marketing tool. Customers social medial accounts are tracked and data mining techniques applied for finding product interest. Webpages are displayed with those product picture and links so that they can directly reach to product website. Supply chain management is also a feature that can be involved by using ecommerce. This includes product supply from its packaging as well. Fig 2: E-business Elements E-business contains ecommerce in it and there are various elements like search engine optimization, order management, global trading and shipping. In further discussion we would uncover social media use in sales. Social Media E-commerce: Sales and marketing are the two pillars in any organization to promote their products in market places. Global market and interact with other people could be done by engaging with social media. Social media is most popular among young people that include a large number of customers. Social media can be used as marketing tool as above picture clearly mentioned that from any social media websites engaged people can be targeted easily for landing on online shopping websites. Marketing team in any organization manages these accounts and drop advertisements on consumers accounts. Some of the websites directly show there products on social media and customers can like or buy products from there only. There are websites those provide payment option as well on advertisement therefore, it can easily optimized. Internet shopping benefits: Customers are very much fond of retail shopping because products are available directly in their hand and they make payment. This is popular because for a long time people do used to it. Online shopping is not an old concept and consumers are purchasing products from online stores. But as we know that consumers trust on retail market is main reason of lacking online stores. Customers can be attracted by different experiments like cash on delivery is top most feature of online shopping which cannot be provided by retail shoppers. Try and buy is other way of attracting customers and payment system is the key of ecommerce. Transaction process has been made flexible in online shopping because from unknown vendor delivered product can be suspicious. But online websites tie up with local distributer services and they do shipping process. Customers even can track their product from placing order to shipping as well. Confirmation emails and messages provided in every process completion in on line shopping concept (Schwartz.2015). Major benefit is that people do not need to move from their place or home while they can see product list and nowadays several offers and coupons available on purchasing from online stores. Once product is selected then people can take that product in their virtual cart provided in personal account. Customers are provided their personal login id and password for privacy and security. Once person is a part of online portal they can order and select products. They can place order from any place any time and their product item would be sent to them. Ecommerce solves all fund transfer and transaction process. Online shopping has some trust issues but now including ecommerce strategies all are being clarify. It is day by day influencing people to engage with these online stores. Conclusion: Ecommerce is a part of internet business or electronic business and popular among people. The report has covered important elements of marketing in online websites and how it can be popularized. The document can be concluded by framing concept that online shopping is an alternative way to get products at home directly. There are opportunities for retail market as well so that they can launch their product. Report has covered ecommerce advantages therefore; benefits could be uncovered for further use. It can be easily filter that how ecommerce would be used as marketing tool. There are different techniques are discussed which make ecommerce a marketing tool. It can be concluded that online shopping is platform where retailers and consumer meet for exchanging products and payments while ecommerce acts as gateway through this interaction has been completed. The terms are very well specified and defined for giving clear vision to document and readers as well. References: A Guide to Assessing Needs: Essential Tools for Collecting Information, Making Decisions, and Achieving Development Results, World Bank Publications (2012) [online] Available at: https://www.themedfomscu.org/media/Handbook_of_Practical_Program_Evaluation.pdf [Accessed 29 July.2015]. Design of Enterprise Systems: Theory, Architecture, and Methods , CRC press edition (2011) 1st [Accessed 29 July.2015]. Electronic Commerce, Methodologies, Tools and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications (2007) [online] Available at: Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modeling, Communication and Analysis, Springer Science Business Media (2012) [Accessed 29 July .2015]. Enterprise Information System (2010) [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/three-different-types-enterprise-systems-73267.html [Accessed 29 July.2015]. https://neerci.ist.utl.pt/neerci_shelf/LEIC/2%20Ano/2%20Semestre/Interface%20Pessoa-Maquina/Bibliografia/Human_Computer_Interaction.pdf [Accessed 29 July.2015]. International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS) Analysis Integrated Modeling of the Performance Evaluation Techniques for Evaluating (2007) [online] Available at: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ed_norm/relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_092054.pdf [Accessed 29 July.2015]. International Journal of Engineering Innovations and Research Mobile Operating System (2012) Vol 1, issue 2 [Accessed 29 July.2015]. Public Policy and the Internet: Privacy, Taxes, and Contract, Hoover Press (2003) [online] Available at: https://www.egov.ufsc.br/portal/sites/default/files/anexos/20477-20478-1-PB.pdf [Accessed 29 July.2015]. Schwartz.J (2015) Enterprise System journal Enterprise Application [Accessed 2 July.2015]. Special Issue on Information Technologies and Knowledge Management Antecedents of Knowledge Transfer from Consultants to Clients in Enterprise System Implementations (2005) Vol 29, No 1,pp59-85 [Accessed 29 July.2015]. Statistical Methods in Customer Relationship Management, John Wiley Sons (2012) [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222542772_Methodology_for_customer_relationship_management [Accessed 29 July.2015]. The Everything Guide to Starting an Online Business: The Latest Strategies and Advice on How To Start a Profitable Internet Business, Adams Media (2012) [Accessed 29 July.2015].

A Complete Guide on How to Write an Art Essay

We are surrounded by artistic impressions on a daily basis, from the pictures that people capture, sculptures that relay different messages to music among others. Art makes life more attractive. However, when you are told to describe some of the topics on art in the form of an essay, the work may seem difficult. Apart from the fact that the topic may be complicated, the deadline may also be very strict. Moreover, the formal language that the task requires makes students feel tense. Without a relaxed mind, the quality of the essay you craft may be compromised. Regardless of the circumstances you are going through or how challenging the task may be, the instructor expects you to hand in a competent result. The main question then becomes: how do you improve the quality of the art essays you write? Read on the text below and learn how to produce a piece that you can comfortably hand in to your instructor for grading. Do You Have an Idea What Is Art Essay? Get an Answer It is imprudent to write an art essay if you do not know its peculiarities in the first place. This is why it is essential to get a distinction between an art essay and other essay tasks. These tasks describe and analyze artistic pieces. It can be music, sculpture or picture. The task may be to describe the creator of the art, give an interpretation of the time when the work was created and its relevance then, the factors that motivated the development of the piece, or provide the details about the art itself such as the color used and how the message is passed to the intended audience. There are also cases where you can be told to compare two art pieces. Besides, there are also general art topics that can be issued such as the origin, history, and importance of art to the current generation. With this knowledge, you are already one step towards producing an admirable essay. How to Start an Art Essay to Ensure Successful Completion An art essay, just like other types of work is supposed to be handled systematically. Start by ensuring that you have understood the topic. Conduct a thorough analysis of the question to ensure you fully comprehend the small details it contains. Where the topic is hard, consult the instructor to give you the necessary clarification of what you are expected to do. Your classmates can also offer assistance. There are concepts that they comprehend better than you, and they are willing to elaborate them further to you. Where you are allowed to choose your topic, pick something that you can deal with comfortably. Moreover, select a topic that you have a passion and strong opinion on. You can, therefore, have more motivation to do it within the stipulated timeline. Do not forget the availability of relevant information for your essay. There is no point of taking a topic and getting stuck in the middle because there are no books or journals to you can research from. At the preparatory stage, you should also carefully check the instructions issued by the instructor. It can be depressing to get low marks for an essay just because you ignored a simple requirement. Consider the number of pages required, the way you should format the paper and any specific art piece that you should analyze as part of the essay. How to Write a Good Art Essay Easily After you have decided on the topic, get the resources that are necessary for the task. For instance, gain access to the specific song or photo that you are supposed to analyze. Where it is a general topic, get the relevant articles that provide the information you need. Ensure your research covers all the areas of the subject at hand. Decide on the information that should be in your final essay before you begin writing. Write using formal art language. Break down the technical, artistic terms to ensure that the readers can follow your train of thought easily. After you finish, you need to go through the work again. Also, ascertain that the content is relevant to the question asked. Moreover, ensure that the sentences make sense and you have used all the words in the proper context. How to Structure an Art Essay Expertly You need to organize your content correctly. With a proper structure, your essay already looks attractive at a glance. Also, ensure that your formatting is right. Let the content fall in the right position. Normally, the art essay structure has three parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. Writing an Art Essay Introduction At the introduction stage, give readers the motivation to read the essay. You can mention a smart fact about art that is related to your topic. When you do that, the reader knows that you are an expert in the field and your content disserves to be read. You can also explain why the topic is important. Lastly, briefly state what the essay is about through the thesis statement. Have an Exhaustive Art Essay Body Explain all your points adequately. Start with a topic sentence followed by the relevant supporting evidence on the topic. Do not mix up your points. Ensure that each one of them is in its respective paragraph. Where you use any borrowed information, ensure you cite it correctly. Create a Breathtaking Art Essay Conclusion Here you give your final verdict on the topic that you are writing on. The reader should also be challenged to change their perspective on the subject or do more research on the topic you have handled. Seek Paper Help Here That art essay should not be a problem anymore when we are available. Our experts know how to write these essays perfectly. Contact us now for nothing short of excellent results!

Popular Culture essays

Popular Culture essays A typical teenage slumber party in a typical suburban home, girls in their pajamas talking about juicy gossip, hot guys, music and breast implants. Breast implants? Albeit it is slightly shocking, even disturbing to think of teenage girls talking about such things as breasts enlargements. Who is to blame? A significant amount of the blame should be attributed to pop culture. Pop culture has a tremendous psychological effect on women in our society. Unfortunately it does not stop at plastic surgery. Because of an overwhelming desire to fit in, many women turn towards drugs and premarital sex that can result in sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and give them a false image of perfection. Various forms of media and publications have created unattainable goals for millions of women. The age at which these women are affected seems to be dropping at an alarming rate. Any trip to the mall can result in seeing young twelve year olds dressing or imitating pop icons such as Brittney Spears or Christina Aguilera. Pop culture has a tremendous psychological effect on women in our society. The media helps little in this department, promoting images of women who are thinner than average causing many young women to be misguided into feeling that the only way they would be deemed acceptable by their peers is by imitating pop stars. Could paralyzing the self-esteem of millions of women possibly be due to greedy corporate executives and marketing gurus wanting to make billions of the gullibility of our society? The definition of popular culture is quite simple. Today in society, popular culture is seen when young women go along with the latest trends in order to fit in with their social crowds. Pop culture not only effects our current day and age, it also has a massive effect on the future of many of these young women who believe they need to measure up to gain acceptance into a competitive workplace and a corporate world. Popular culture ...

Review of an Academic Research Paper Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Of an Academic Research Paper - Literature review Example This entails the reasons behind wiring the paper, the thoughts of other writers and analysed that have contributed to the essay as well as the outcomes of the same. As seen in Harvard referencing, the abstract must be inclusive of all the thoughts that need to be included in the essay just as this paper has (Gustavii, 2003). The abstract of this article is one that is all inclusive of all the themes and ideas, just as expected of a sensible abstract. Johnson, Stainton & Borodzicz (2010; 705), clearly indicates that the article will propose a methodology structures for evaluations educational validity of business gaming simulation through comprehensive research and analysis of findings. INTRODUCTION: The introduction of a paper is one that needs to ensure that the reader has a clear understanding of the entire topic. The introduction of this paper evaluates the reasons for addressing the study, based on previous collected data from analysts and researchers. With Johnson, Stainton & Bo rodzicz (2010) stating clearly the aim of the paper, the introduction simply takes the reader through the entire paper without perusing the entire of it. THEORTICAL FRAMEWORK: This is yet another section of the layout of a good paper. As seen in the work of Johnson, Stainton & Borodzicz (2010) the title and the content in the article are correlated. The article deals with the effectiveness and educational validity in regard to the various designs and implementation processes. As seen in the conclusion of the theoretical background, the author clearly concluded by applying business gaming in validation of education (Johnson, Stainton & Borodzicz, 2010). The research methodology framework is very well prearranged, all for the reason of ensuring that the reader gets the message sent. The research designs and instruments have been clearly stated that support the validity of the research. Points for and against the design have been set out clearly thus enhance an underst6ndingh of the ar ticle (Johnson, Stainton & Borodzicz, 2010). However, it is vital to note the authors are wary of the shortcomings and confirm that further research needs to be done. FINDINGS: As a result of the research, Johnson, Stainton & Borodzicz (2010) come up with the findings as follows; The bottom line of assessment of business gaming imitation is the effectual product of learning The designer shapes the representational value of the simulation , and how well it will be understood Experiential learning can be defined as a learning process that involves encountering issues and implementing solutions to the problems Self-motivation is of essence in the case of business gaming simulation as it is crucial in motivating participants A proper set of guidelines should be present in the case of problem of design, and implementation of the evaluation process should be provided so as to authenticate the efficiency of business simulation Business gaming simulation greatly impacts the external educati onal validity in terms of understanding the actual world. The collected data should be well summarized so as to motivate the individuals who are willing to learn and shape their career The simulation ought to be keenly designed putting much emphasis on criteria such as complications, implementation methods of the representational validity. LIMITATIONS: Johnson, Stainton

Alfred Stieglitz's Photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain Term Paper

Alfred Stieglitz's Photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain - Term Paper Example The paper "Alfred Stieglitz's Photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain" focuses on analysis and research about Alfred Stieglitz's photograph of Marcel Duchamp's Fountain art work. Stieglitz placed the ‘Fountain’ at the viewer’s eye level, brought it close, and magnified its presence. He further rotated it slightly on its axis to set up just a touch of tension, and lighted it from above such that it looks dramatically isolated against its setting yet also veiled, moody and mysterious. Duchamp’s ‘the Fountain’ is viewed through the eyes of Albert Stieglitz. The photograph is white in color that is made of the spectrum of colors. It is made of porcelain which is a polished/breakable material. Stieglitz took an ordinary object, gave it meaning by positioning it in such a way that its useful significance was overshadowed by the new one with a new title and a new point of view, thus creating a whole new thought for that object. Alfred Stieglitz life s panned from 1864 to 1946. Stieglitz was the most respected photographer of his time, and he fought for the recognition of photography as a valid form of art. He is one of the figures who revolutionized the American photography. Luminous-Lint finds it hard to imagine the direction that photography would have taken without the involvement of Stieglitz. He was a promoter of other people’s works, illuminating them with his photo works. The ‘Fountain’ was brought to 291, and when it was there it was photographed by Stieglitz who was greatly amused by Duchamp’s ‘Fountain’.

Social Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Contracts - Essay Example As the discussion outlines Curwin and Mendler include six specific elements namely flag rules, negotiable rules, consequences, rules for the teacher, student-developed rules for students and a vote to determine which rules to enforce. Flag rules are minimum behavior requirements for efficient classroom management which are developed by the teacher and unquestioningly accepted by students even without their input. Examples of such logical rules are â€Å"No fighting and hurting anyone†. Negotiable rules are decided upon together by both teacher and students whether or not to adopt such rules. Democratic teachers allow some limits to be stretched without compromising order in the classroom. Consequences are teacher-determined without student input. Teachers need to be fair in setting down consequences for each rule depending on the severity of behavior. Positive consequences should also be included to reward students of good behavior. Consequences need to be instructional instea d of punitive and students regard them as natural and logical extensions of the rules. Rules for the teacher are determined by the students to give them the opportunity to set standards for the teacher. This is a way for them to feel a sense of commitment to all rules and consequences, thus make them more inclined to follow them. Examples are â€Å"the teacher will not yell at students in front of their classmates†.  

Nationalism Multiculturalism Nation

Nationalism Multiculturalism Nation Introduction: Nationalism and Multiculturalism†¦.. Ethno cultural pluralism is an unavoidable fact of life. Almost every state is ethnically and/or culturally heterogeneous. Walker Connor famously suggested that there were only seven examples in the world of states that met the nationalist test of one state per nation, one nation per state. Herder was the one coining the word nationalism. He believed in the uniqueness of each culture and the impossibility of comparing different cultures on an absolute scale of value. Modern Nationalism has various traits and variants: civic, ethno-cultural and multicultural. We should understand nationalism, then, as a normative argument that confers moral value on national membership, and on the past and future existence of the nation, and identifies the nation with a particular homeland or part of the globe. Sweeney defines ‘three types of nationalism: state, civic and ethnic; ethnic nationalists who stress culture and descent, civic nationalists who stress culture and territory but not descent, state nationalism which asserts the dominance of a particular ethnicity. Civic nationalism†¦is more tolerant of diversity, and is marked by a recognition of different ethnicities. He implies that state nationalism, although a well-defined category, has been abandoned by modern European states, leaving only a contest between the remaining two nationalisms. At the same time he hints at the possibility of a new third nationalism that goes beyond the merely civic and tolerant, when he introduces the idea of a nationalism that is marked by multiculturalism. So, there may remain three types of nationalism: ethnic, civic, and multicultural. Since nationalism is well entrenched in the state-society structures, it is an undeniable factor in politics where it creates individual loyalty to an ethnic community, constructing the group identity and working on the mobilization for the benefits of the group interests. But, sometimes it affects the society negatively, this happens if the majoritarian nationalism was contested by a competing nationalism, the society may witness bloody aggressive confrontations, such as what used to happen in between the Scottish and the British in the United Kingdom. Thats why modern history witnesses a large-scale loss of life and property all over world in the name of promoting nationalism. On the other hand, so far in most of the literature, multiculturalism is considered as a policy framework rather than a form of nationalism. A way to manage the immigrants population, achieving integration while maintaining identity. Thus, multiculturalism can be viewed as both a policy adopted in diversely cultural societies and as the demographic cultural status in these societies. As a descriptive term it is used to describe societies which have many distinct cultural groups usually as a result of immigration. Multiculturalism as a public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multiethnic society officially stresses mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a countrys borders, emphasizing the unique characteristics of different cultures especially as they interact with one another inside these societies. Immigrants should preserve their cultures with the different cultures, interacting peacefully within one nation. An important remark in this regard is the fact that while all societies today are culturally heterogeneous, not all of them are multicultural. I quote Bhikhu Parekh â€Å"Multiculturalism doesnt simply mean numerical plurality of different cultures, but rather a community which is creating, guaranteeing, encouraging spaces within which different communities are able to grow at their pace. At the same time it means creating a public space in which these communities are able to interact, enrich the existing culture and create a new consensual culture in which they recognize reflections of their own identity.† Ralph Grillodistinguishes between weak multiculturalism in which cultural diversity is recognized in the private sphere while a high degree of assimilation is expected of immigrants and ethnic minorities in the public sphere (law and government, the market, education and employment) and strong multiculturalism marked by institutional recognition of cultural differences in the public sphere including political representation and private one. The emerging trends in nationalism in some countries point to the fact that it is much more than just a set of political principles for nation-building. However, one wonders whether it is proper to label multiculturalism as a form of nationalism when many multicultural states are not able to avoid a backlash from the majority or completely satisfy the minority to the extent that the nationalist vision is truly adopted by the entire nation. That is why to know whether nationalism can be multicultural, it is highly important to study the states response and its policies regarding immigrants and minorities within multicultural societies. Generally, no state is entirely neutral in arbitrating these nationalist visions. Use of coercive means can be expected of any state while deciding to form its nationalist vision and this happens irrespective of the nature the political system. Taylor Strong insists that the nationalist sentiment remains an integral part of the political culture of a state. He perceived the identity as being unattached from the public domain and that is why the state can not be neutral because it is in control of the identity of the nation. For him, this establishes the limits of multiculturalism; once cultural identity is recognized then transformed into a state, the cultures that are internal to this community can not be entitled to benefit from the same right. But still he believes that each culture should preserve its authenticity since the recognition of the equal value of each culture will be permitting the public conversation between the diverse identities. Kernerman identifies that the main issue behind multicultural nationalism is how to achieve a balance between the need to sustain diversity and the necessity to achieve unity with the major question of how are the various manifestations of diversity to be recognized and understood in relation to one another and to the political community? But what is the position of minorities within multicultural societies? And how does the state deal with them? How can we balance between national sentiments and inclusion of immigrants peacefully in a plural society? The paradox of multicultural societies: nationalism Vs. multiculturalism?! Within multicultural societies, people usually disagree about how national unity is best achieved and what it should look like? Some demand equal treatment of all citizens, regardless of their cultural, ethnic, racial, religious or other characteristics since citizenship must be left undifferentiated and symmetrical. Citizenship should be difference blind. In contrast, others demand forms of differentiated citizenship where their differences are not only recognized, but also incorporated into the rules, procedures, and symbols of the political system. That is why many related issues gain attention of policy makers in these societies such as: the scope of minority rights, and the under representation of minorities in electoral politics, the absence of loyalty†¦. But the oppositions remain: equal versus differentiated citizenship, individual rights versus collective rights, impartial versus group-based representation, and so on. Within multicultural societies, nationalism is a site of polarization, driven by mutually exclusive understandings of which units of identity- groups and peoples- should dominate in the collective understanding of the political community. These communities/groups have some conception of the parts and the whole, and so they operate according to their specific logic of identity. This shows how the state has a major role in boosting the sense of loyalty and national identity among the different communities within the society. This role differs among states given different national histories, legal frameworks, and preferences for managing immigration. Contemporary States which adopts an integrative multicultural policy claim that their nationalism is civic rather than ethnic, emphasizing on their equal rights agenda. But inspite of that some signs suggest that minorities may still feel outsiders despite the equal rights and the civic welcome. Parekh points out: one might enjoy all the rights of citizenship and be a formally equal member of the community, and yet feel an outsider who does not belong. It depends upon the public as much as on the Parliament and on political symbols, images, ceremonies, collective self-understanding and views of national identity as much as on equal-rights legislation. No society can remain the same when it admits new members, rather every society constantly redefines and reconstitutes itself in response to the emergence of new generations who bring with them new ideas, forms of self-understanding and modes of behavior. Thats why immigrants are considered a challenge. To solve this, common belonging need to be developed by all states institutions. Common belonging is a two-way process; immigrants can not belong to the society in which they have chosen to settle unless it is prepared to welcome them, and conversely it can not accept them as full members unless they wish to belong, with all what this entails. Common belonging therefore can only be achieved if each party respects the terms of the relationship and discharges its obligations. That is why Inclusiveness is usually formulated in the metaphor of two-way integration. The first of the EU Common Basic Principles of Immigrant Integration Policy states: Integration is a dynamic, two-way process of mutual accommodation by all immigrants and residents of the Member States This means that not just immigrants but also the receiving society has to change, the latter being mandated to create opportunities for the immigrants full economic, social, cultural, and political participation. This is a process that requires each side to stick to its obligations so as to get its rights fully satisfies. On the immigrants side, they may legitimately ask for changes in the practices and institutions of the wider society if the demands are biased or can not be met. Their demands are likely to receive a favorable response only if they have made a commitment to society, valuing their membership of it. These minorities arrive willingly as immigrants to the host country, wishing to belong to this country of settlement and they are expected to be loyal, especially that a society is not a chance collection of people who happen to live together; rather it represents a way of life built up through struggle and sacrifice over several generations. Since their identities and histories are closely bound up with their society, they rightly feel protective about it. Native citizens want to be reassured that immigrants value their membership of it, and respect its way of life. Immigrants need to commit themselves to the host society and accept the expected responsibilities and obligations, but this does not mean that they should break their ties with their country of origin. Such a demand is unfair, impossible to meet, and unnecessary. What can be demanded of immigrants is that they should see their country of settlement as their home, whatever other homes they might also happen to have. It should mean something to them, have an intrinsic value for them, and they should give reasonable evidence of their commitment to it. Such a commitment establishes their good faith, gives them the rights of membership, and entitles them to make different claims on the rest of society as their process of settlement requires. Immigrants express their commitment to society in several ways: They should cherish its integrity and well-being, respect its authority and laws, and in general discharge their obligations as citizens. Immigrants also affirm their commitment to society by participating in its common life, discharging their share of collective responsibility, being productive workers, not abusing the available welfare provisions, and so on. But this does not include interfering in their personal life sphere which does not affect the shared collective life or else it will be unequal treatment. Immigrants need to acquire the cultural competence to help them get acquainted with their new countrys way of life. This involves learning its language, understanding and observing its rules of civility and norms of behavior, and familiarizing themselves with its traditions, history and moral sensibilities. That is why both the state and the society must help them integrate within the fabric of the society with all possible legal and social facilities. From the many types of cultural rights claimed by immigrants are: Exemptions from laws which penalize or burden cultural practices of members of a religious/cultural group whose practices are different from the societys known practices because of the very different meaning it has for the majority culture. Thus, the exemption is justified as recognition of that difference. Also, some related claims seek to have the general law recognize a culturally specific way of establishing certain rights which are established otherwise by the general law. A simple example is the authority granted to religious officials in some states to perform legally binding marriages. Assistance rights to do those things the majority can do unassisted, helping the minorities to overcome obstacles to engaging in common practices. Special provision is sought because of culturally specific disadvantages or because the desired common activity has been designed in such a way as to keep members of non-dominant groups out. Introducing new citizenship and English language requirements are two main policies in this regard. Representation of minorities in states decision-making bodies. Adequate representation of the immigrants should be ensured in the major political institutions to allocate them a fair share of public resources, to secure protection of their interests/rights and to prevent discrimination. The mechanisms for this vary; sometimes it takes the form of straightforward quotas. Symbolic claims to acknowledge the worth, status, and existence of various groups (name of polity, official name of ethnic groups, national holidays, teaching of history, official apologies). The above shows how both the society and the state are needed in the integration process of minorities to meet the needs of both the immigrants and the native citizens in a just fair way that seeks the benefits of the whole society. The states integration policies changed over time till it reached to the multicultural pluralistic form for several reasons including: (a) Demographics: In the past, many governments had the hope/expectation that ethnic minorities would simply disappear, through dying out or assimilation or intermarriage. It is now clear that this is not going to happen due to their high birth rates. The percentage of immigrants in the population is growing steadily in most Western countries, and most commentators agree that even more immigrants will be needed in the future to offset declining birth rates and an ageing population. (b) Rights-Consciousness: the human rights revolution that is premised on the idea of equality of human beings raised the awareness of groups which now have a powerful sense of entitlement to equality as a basic human right, not as a favor or charity. (c) Democracy: In many countries around the world, elites ban political movements of minority groups through different ways. The fear of this sort of repression often keeps minority groups from voicing. Keeping quiet is the safest option for minorities in many countries. However, in consolidated democracies, there is no option but to allow minority groups to mobilize politically and advance their claims in public. It is this loss of fear, combined with rights-consciousness that explains the active nature of ethnic politics in western democracies. The state must make a commitment to immigrants in appropriate ways dealing with the facts that they are new to the society and are liable to misunderstanding and negative stereotyping. Also, they need time to acquire the necessary cultural competence, and in the meantime they lack a clear coherent voice. Being outsiders, they are often resented and also likely to be discriminated against and may suffer from various kinds of disadvantage. This deepens the role of the state to ease their transition, helping them become full legitimate members. Since the nature of the attachments of the groups to the larger political community varies, certain mechanisms are needed to accommodate these variations. This requires some actions from the states side such as: First: Discrimination against immigrants in all areas of life, especially in areas such as employment and housing, should be declared unlawful and subjected to appropriate sanctions since it implies unequal treatment, building up frustration, and can over time generate a profound sense of alienation and marginality. When the state does nothing about it, it sends out the message that it regards them as an inferior class of citizens. Thus the state must address the socio-economic exclusion problems. Secondly: Immigrants suffer from several economic, social, cultural, political and other disadvantages which impede their settlement. This requires a comprehensive public policy covering areas such as: the immigrants need to learn the language in classes that suit their needs and working hours, dealing with residential concentration phenomenon when it transfers from being a comforting way of boosting the immigrants self confidence and safety into an impediment of integration by confining immigrants to their own community. Thirdly: Educational institutions play a crucial role in creating a common sense of belonging. They should prepare their students to live in a multicultural society, cultivating the necessary multicultural skills as tolerance, openness to other ways of life and thought and mutual respect. Citizenship is not entirely about rights, but is a matter of participation in the political community and begins early in life. It concerns the learning of a capacity for action and for responsibility but, essentially, it is about the learning of the self and of the relationship of self and other. It is a learning process. Consequently, it is vital to build up inter-ethnic bonds through associations which bring together different communities in the pursuit of common interests, and develop mutual understanding and trust, fostering a strong sense of civic identity that transcends ethnic differences and creating a larger sense of national identity. Also, Multiculturalism may take the form of revising the educational curriculum to include the history and culture of minority groups; creating advisory boards to consult with the members of minority groups; recognizing the holy days of minority religious groups; teaching police officers, social workers, and health care professionals to be sensitive to cultural differences in their work; developing regulations to ensure that minority groups are not ignored or stereotyped in the media; and so on. These policies may seem discriminatory but they are not because they are intended to remove obstacles to equal fair competition and tackle disadvantages, not to give arbitrary and unfair preference to minorities and immigrants. So when in some cases they receive greater attention, this is only because their disadvantages are greater than normal citizens and are compounded by discrimination. It is an affirmative-action/positive discrimination† program in light of citizens varying legal frameworks. Inspite of all these efforts, sometimes obligatory civic integration (civic integration courses and tests for newcomers†¦) is interpreted as an instance of repressive liberalism especially that non-compliance tends to be sanctioned in terms of financial penalties or denial of permanent legal residence permits. Some view that the novelty of civic integration policy is its obligatory character, which has notably increased over time, and this notional ‘integration policy has even transmitted into a tool of migration control, helping states to restrict especially the entry of unskilled and non-adaptable family immigrants.Some believe that what began as an immigrant integration policy has thus turned into its opposite, a no-immigration policy. But this is not totally true, since basic knowledge of the host societys language, history, and institutions is indispensable to integration. Thus, it is the right of the host country to ensure the success of its integration process through the means fitting its societal framework. But, still some countries tend to be so aggressive in its immigration policies out of its belief that immigrants pull the economy backwards. Such an issue differs among countries according to the ruling political system. But, still the public policies mentioned and the attitudes expected from the minorities are the least acceptable to ensure a peaceful multicultural society which both preserves its identity while respecting diversity. Conclusion: Multicultural governance may be the most feasible theory to achieve a multicultural national citizenship because it operates with the purpose of constructing normalized multicultural citizens within a balanced regime of identity and diversity. Multicultural governance does far more than protect the spaces within which diversity can flourish; it helps to create these spaces. It constructs the identity framework in which cultural freedoms can be asserted and deployed. A multicultural state will be providing the categories within which groups and citizens negotiate their behavior and interact together so that the citizen can belongs to an ethnic group and to the nation simultaneously. As Charles Taylor believes, personal identity is formed in a symbiotic relation with a collective identity and is nourished by the culture that the group shares. This emphasizes the importance of having a multicultural spirit within the society, believing that with the appropriate policies adopted by the states institutions to facilitate the integration of minorities and with a high degree of loyalty from the minorities side, an authentic multicultural nationalism can flourish where both the national identity and diversity are being respected and promoted. Such visions draw the best mechanism that can achieve a real multicultural national society, proving that a balance can happen between both nationalism and multiculturalism. Appendix: Generally, we can identify four types of minorities which are disadvantaged and need to be well integrated: Groups have their cultural roots within their country of citizenship, but have a key defining characteristic (e.g. gay/lesbians; disabled people). groups are autochthonous minorities (i.e. national minorities or aboriginal peoples) (e.g. the Quà ©bà ©cois; the Basques) groups have cultural or ethnic roots not only outside the territory of the state in which they have citizenship but also outside the Western world (e.g. Black-British; Chinese-Americans) groups are mainly religious minorities originating outside the Western world (e.g. French Muslims; British Sikhs) In this research I was focusing mainly upon the minorities of the last 2 kinds who usually arrives as immigrants to the host country. Bibliography: Birnbaum, Pierre and Strong, Tracy, from multiculturalism to nationalism, Political Theory, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1996. Bourne , jenny, In difference of multiculturalism, Institute of race relations IRR BRIEFING PAPER NO.2http://www.irr.org.uk/pdf/IRR_Briefing_No.2.pdf Chirot, Daniel Herders Multicultural Theory of Nationalism and Its Consequences, East European Politics and Societies, volume 10 ,1995. Delanty, Gerald, Two Conceptions of Cultural Citizenship: A Review of Recent Literature on Culture and Citizenship, The Global Review of Ethno-politics, Vol. 1, no. 3, March 2002. Economic and social research council ESRC, Program on devolution and constitutional change, Towards a multicultural nationalism? Anglophobia and Islamophobia in Scotland, Devolution Briefing No.24, March 2005. Gallis, Paul (ed.), Muslims in Europe: Integration Policies in Selected Countries, CRS congressional research service, November 18, 2005. available online at : http://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL33166.pdf Halstead, schooling and cultural maintenance for religious minorities in the liberal state in Kevin McDonough (Editor), Walter Feinberg, (Editor), citizenship and education in liberal societies: teaching for Cosmopolitan Values and Collective Identities, 2003, Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: January 2005. Harris, John, a paradox of multicultural societies, Journal of Philosophy of Education, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1982. Hussain, Asifa and Miller, William, Multicultural Nationalism :Islamophobia, Anglophobia, and Devolution. Available online at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780199280711/acprof-0199280711-chapter-1.html. Joppke, Christian Beyond national models: Civic integration policies for immigrants in Western Europe, West European Politics, Vol.30, No.1, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713395181 Keating, Michael (Editor), McGarry, John, Minority Nationalism and the Changing International Order, 2001, Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: November 2003.AVAILBALE at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/politicalscience/9780199242146/p013.html#acprof-0199242143 Kernerman, Gerald, Multicultural Nationalism: Civilizing Difference, Constituting Community, Law and society Series, (Toronto, UBC Press, 2005) Kymlicka, Will, Multiculturalism and Minority Rights: West and East, journal on ethno politics and minority issues in Europe, Issue 4, 2002, http://www.ecmi.de/jemie/download/Focus4-2002_Kymlicka.pdf Levy, Jacob T. The Multiculturalism of Fear. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Oxford Scholarship Online. Oxford University Press. 27 March 2008 Moore, Margaret ethics of nationalism, (oxford: oxford university press, 2001), Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: November 2003. Available online at: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/private/content/politicalscience/9780198297468/p011.html#acprof-0198297467. Parekh, Bhikhu, â€Å"A commitment to cultural pluralism, available at: http://kvc.minbuza.nl/United Kingdom/archive/commentary/parekh_sum.html, Parekh, Bhikhu Unity and diversity in Multicultural societies, International Institute for Labor Studies, published paper, Geneva, 2005. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/inst/download/1parekh.pdf, Vertovec, Steven â€Å"Trans national challenges to the New multiculturalism†, university of Oxford .paper presented to the ASA conference held at the university of Sussex, 30 march -2nd April 2001.

The Rosenberg Trial :: essays research papers

The Rosenberg trial, which ended in a double execution in 1953, was one of the century's most controversial trials. It was sometimes referred to as, "the best publicized spy hunt of all times" as it came to the public eye in the time of atom-spy hysteria. Husband and wife, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage. Most of the controversy surrounding this case came from mass speculation that there were influences being reinforced by behind-the-scenes pressure, mainly from the government, which was detected through much inconsistencies in testimonies and other misconduct in the court. Many shared the belief that Ethel Rosenberg expressed best as she wrote in one of her last letters before being executed, "-knowing my husband and I must be vindicated by history...We are the first victims of American Fascism." Some people believed that the Rosenbergs had a vulnerable background which made these innocent people fall victim to the government. In September 1940 Julius Rosenberg was hired by US army Signal Corps as a junior engineer, but fired March 1945 because he was found to be a member of the communist party. He was employed in 1945 with Emerson Radio. Finally, in 1946 Bernard Greenglass, his brother-in-law, asked him to a join war surplus business called Pitt Machine Products Company. Ethel Rosenberg supported herself as a teenager through pageant prize money she won as a singer and dancer. Later on she was employed as a clerk for National Shipping but lost her job for union activities. They lived a happily married life with two sons until June 15, 1950 when brother-in-law, David Greenglass named Julius and Ethel as people who recruited him to spy for the Soviet Union. The case judged by Irving R. Kaufman began on March 6,1957. The Rosenbergs, as well as Morton Sobell, were accused of delivering information, documents, sketches and other material vital to the national defense of our country, to a foreign power, namely, to Soviet Russia. Greenglass testified that it was he who turned over most of these materials to the Rosenbergs because of pressure. On March 29, after a much publicized court case, the couple were found guilty and sentenced to be executed in the week of May 21, and their accused co-conspirator, Sobell, got 30 years in jail because he was not explicitly connected to the atom bomb. Many people were against this decision and the president tried to justify such rash actions: "The execution of two human beings is a grave matter. But even graver is the thought of the millions of dead whose death may be directly attributable to what these spies have done." After many failed appeals, Julius and Ethel were electrocuted minutes apart on June 19,